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Force.com is the platform on which developers can build custom Salesforce application and thus a service offering of Salesforce. The exact difference between Salesforce.com and Force.com isexplained in the below paragraph. Salesforce is the company (Salesforce.com) which provides cloud computing services.

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SOQL:
1) SOQL (Salesforce Object Query Language ) retrieves the records from the database by using “SELECT” keyword.
2) By Using SOQL we can know in Which objects or fields the data resides.
3) We can retrieve data from single object or from multiple objects that are related to each other.
4) We can Query on only one table.

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lookup relationship

master-detail relationship

many-to-many relationship

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Lightning Components run at the client-side, in a single page (where they are created and destroyed as needed), and alongside other components that work on the same data. In this blog post, we discuss how these characteristics impact performance, and review a list of best practices to optimize the performance of your Lightning Components.

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it's not necessary we create component bundle

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Some of the benefits are of  Lightning Experience:-

Quick App-Building
Making the App Home to your Company
Innovation through Components
Unify the user experience
It also includes a performance chart and calendar feature, all to help reps stay organised and find and digest data more easily.

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Yes, we can deploy using managed packages, Force.com IDE. Force.com ,Migration tool

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Lightning Experience is the name for the all new Salesforce desktop app, with over 25 new features, built with a modern user interface and optimized for speed.

Lightning Experience: It’s the new, slick user interface and the Lightning Component framework is a UI framework for developing dynamic web apps for mobile and desktop devices. Lightning makes it easier to build responsive applications for ANY DEVICE. The initial release of the new user interface is geared towards sales reps with an intuitive interface that allows sales reps to work more efficiently. The dashboard and charts in Lightning Experience behave much like Wave where changes in the chart recalculates in real time

 

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<ul class="slds-list--horizontal slds-has-dividers_around-space" onclick="{!c.click}">

<lightning:layout >
<lightning:layoutItem size="3" padding="around-small">
<div class="img " >
<img  style="height: 100px;" src="/resource/Images/Assets/1.png"  />
<h1>TEXT1</h1>
</div>
</lightning:layoutItem>
<lightning:layoutItem size="3" padding="around-small">
<div class="img1" >
<img style="height: 100px;" src="/resource/Images/Assets/2.png"  />
<h1>TEXT2</h1>
</div>
</lightning:layoutItem>
<lightning:layoutItem size="3" padding="around-small">
<div class="img2" ><img style="height: 100px;" src="/resource/Images/Assets/3.png" align="middle" />
<h1>TEXT3</h1>
</div>
</lightning:layoutItem>
<lightning:layoutItem size="3" padding="around-small">
<div class="img3"  style="text-align: left">
<img style="height: 100px;" src="/resource/Images/Assets/4.png"/>
<h1>TEXT4</h1>
</div>
</lightning:layoutItem>
</lightning:layout>

</ul>

Controller.Js

click:function(component,event,helper){

var evt = $A.get("e.force:navigateToComponent");
evt.setParams({
componentDef : "c:Component2",

});

evt.fire();
}

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Visualforce and Lightning both offer ways to design and create custom interfaces for Salesforce.
Visualforce was designed to follow a Page-Centric model. This means that the intent of Visualforce was to create something that was your full page interface with Salesforce. When the user needed to perform some kind of operation, like Save a record, it would send that request to the Salesforce servers and then reload the entire page with the new state of the UI. All backend processing is done with Apex Code on the Server-Side. You have the option to inject JavaScript into the mix to handle some of the Client-Side processing, but it isn't the default interaction methodology. Visualforce was also primarily built for Desktop. When Visualforce was first launched back in 2008 the iPhone had been out for about a year. The concept of designing things "mobile first" hadn't yet been realized, this would come a few years later.
Visualforce also uses an HTML-like markup language for designing the pages and Apex code to handle the database operations. Here is a breakdown of what you have with Visualforce pages:
Visualforce Page - HTML-like markup language used to design the layout of the page.
Standard Or Custom Controller - Apex Code to handle Server-Side operations executed from the Visualforce page (EX: CRUD operations).
Optional: CSS Styling - Style your Visualforce page to look a specific way within the header or by file reference.
Optional: JavaScript - Used to handle Client-Side processing or to be coupled with CSS for a cosmetic revamp of the UI.
Optional: Apex Extensions - These are used to perform logical operations that are not housed within the standard or custom controller.

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You can find base Lightning components in the lightning namespace to complement the existing ui namespace components. In instances where there are matching ui and lightning namespace components, we recommend that you use the lightning namespace component. The lightning namespace components are optimized for common use cases. Beyond being equipped with the Lightning Design System styling, they handle accessibility, real-time interaction, and enhanced error messages.

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A lightning tag has inbuilt SLDS we do not need to put extra effort to improve the look and feel, also it has may awesome tags to handle the Error or bad inputs. Error handling is very easy for lightning tags.

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Yes, we can call using aura methods.

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There are three steps to add Lightning components to a Visualforce page.Add the Lightning Components for Visualforce JavaScript library to your Visualforce page using the <apex:includeLightning/> component.
Create and reference a Lightning app that declares your component dependencies.
Write a JavaScript function that creates the component on the page using $Lightning.createComponent().

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You can use in this case force:appHostable to implement so that you can use the lightning component as the quick action.

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You can use in this case force:lightningQuickAction to implement so that you can use the lightning component as the quick action.

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I think its through an error of copy id's on this case because if you can upsert task it is not useful to refresh the task with the same id.

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I think when we need to play out an activity and any action use workflow

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Ex:

You can display a canvas app on a Visualforce page in a number of ways. These examples show the different ways to reference the canvas app using applicationName, developerName, and namespacePrefix.

<apex:tagName uniqueProperty="value" uniqueProperty="{!controllerData}">
Content here inherits the tag properties
</apex:tagName>

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I think we can use Trigger can use in this case

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Overloading happens at compile-time while Overriding happens at runtime:
Overloading is being done in the same class while for overriding base and child classes are required Overriding is all about giving a specific implementation to the inherited method of parent class.
Performance: Overloading gives better performance compared to overriding. The reason is that the   binding of overridden methods is being done at runtime.
Private and final methods can be overloaded but they cannot be overridden and in Apex, all methods and classes are final by default. So to override a class or a method we have to used virtual and override keyword.

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apex:ActionSupport: This component adds Ajax request to any other Visualforce component. Example : Commandlink button has inbuilt AJAX functionality however few components like OutputPanel does not have inbuilt AJAX capabilities. So with the help of this component, we can enable AJAX.

<apex:outputpanel id=”counter”>
<apex:outputText value=”Click Me!: {!count}”/>
<apex:actionSupport event=”onclick” action=”{!incrementCounter}” rerender=”counter” status=”counterStatus”/>
</apex:outputpanel>

apex:ActionPoller: This is timer component which can send AJAX request on pre-defined interval. Minimum interval is 5 sec and default is 60 sec.
<apex:actionPoller action=”{!incrementCounter}” rerender=”counter” status=”counterStatus” interval=”50″ />

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While making Run all test call, the job is queued for test run calculations, but for deployment to production, as its synchronous and "run all test" is always "true" in background, so, test classes must have to run to validate if components going in production are valid or not. This is one of the major the control check salesforce have imposed to make sure all the production instances have valid code on cloud.

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It is an object-oriented programming that enables the child class to provide different implementation for a method that is already implemented in its parent class.

This is possible through only inheritance
Multiple methods containing same name, same signature is inherited (virtual) and another is originated (over ride) in the child class

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The constructor is fired after that the order is in the order that the methods are called by the page. Setters methods are called before action methods, but there is no guarantee of the precise order.

 

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