What are the different ways to distribute Salesforce without AppExchange?

Creating a managed package is just as easy as creating an unmanaged package. The only requirement to create a managed package is that you’re using a Developer Edition organization.

Before creating a managed package:

Review the information about managed packages in the ISVforce Guide to determine if this is the right type of package for your app.
Optionally, install the License Management Application (LMA) from http://sites.force.com/appexchange. Search for License Management App to locate it. The License Management Application (LMA) tracks information about each user who installs your app. It allows you to track what users have which version, giving you a means of distributing information about upgrades. The License Management Application (LMA) can be installed in any Salesforce organization except a Personal, Group, or Professional Edition organization and does not need to be the same Salesforce organization that you use to create or upload the package, although it can be. You can also use the same License Management Application (LMA) to manage an unlimited number of your managed packages in different Developer Edition organizations.
Configure your developer settings. Your developer settings specify your namespace prefix, the Salesforce organization where you install the License Management Application (LMA), and the unmanaged package you want to convert into a managed package.