Start here: Connect the Clouds

No. There is only separate BUs that you can create, which provide segregation of the data.

No equivalent. You need to specify all fields to be retrieved. You can use the APEX describe command to get all fields and build a query string.

public Void GetAllField()
{
String query ='';
String SobjectApiName = 'Account';
Map<String, Schema.SObjectType> schemaMap = Schema.getGlobalDescribe();
Map<String, Schema.SObjectField> fieldMap… Read more

Record Types are often used to extend an object's usefulness - rather than create a brand new custom object. As an example, the CASE object in Salesforce is a very generic service object to handle all sorts of inquiries or requests. You may have multiple record types to identify the sort of case that could be stored (for example, an… Read more

Have a look at http://www.ephesoft.com - they have an OCR web service that you can use to make an apex synchronous callout to classify and extract fields from an image (pdf, jpg, gif, etc). Good video here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wdLXnbN8tDA