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• Data bindings refer to the data set in the controller.
• Action bindings refer to action methods in the controller.
• Component bindings refer to other Visualforce components

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In Salesforce Classic
<div>For custom object:

1. Click on Setup.
2. Go to Quick Find and enter Object.
3. Choose the object.
4. Under the Custom Fields & Relationships, select the custom field that you will make required.
5. Click on Edit and under the General Options section select Required.
6. Click on Save.

<div>
<div>For standard object:

1. Click on Setup.
2. Under Build section, click the dropdown button for Customize.
3. Click the dropdown button for the object and click on Fields.
4. Under the Custom Fields & Relationships, select the custom field that you will make required.
5. Click on Edit and under the General Options section select Required.
6. Click on Save.

<div>
In Lightning Experience

1. Click on the gear icon then Setup > Object Manager.
2. Choose the object > Fields & Relationships.
3. Select the custom field that you will make required.
4. Click on Edit and under General Options select Required.
5. Click on Save.

<div>

</div></div></div></div></div>

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<div>If we use the DML statement (Insert) in bulk operation, then if error occurs the execution will stop. In that case Apex code throws an error and none of the record will insert to the database.</div>
If we use DML database methods (Database.Insert) in bulk operation, then if error occurs the remaining records will be inserted/updated means partial DML operation will be done. The only record throwing an error will not be inserted/updated.

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15 MB is the maximum size of the PDF generated though vf page using renderAs attribute in Salesforce.

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StandardSetController objects allow you to create list controllers similar to, or as extensions of, the pre-built Visualforce list controllers provided by Salesforce.

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Aura-based Lightning components are built using both HTML and JavaScript, but LWC is built directly on the Web stack.
A developer who works on LWC is not only using coding skills on a particular framework but in other frameworks like React or Angular, which are based on the Web Stack.

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The $A namespace is the entry point for using the framework in JavaScript code.
For all the methods available in $A, see the JavaScript API at https://<myDomain&gt;.lightning.force.com/auradocs/reference.app, where <myDomain> is the name of your custom Salesforce domain.

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While the User Interface(UI) upgrade alone is superior enough compared to Salesforce Classic reporting, Lightning gives users access to Einstein (Wave) Analytics reporting.
The platform has its own database pulled from Salesforce and is automatically updated every hour.

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Wrapper Class in Apex Salesforce : A wrapper or container class is a class, a data structure, or an abstract data type which contains different objects or collection of objects as its members.
A wrapper class is a custom object defined by programmer wherein he defines the wrapper class properties.

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The AuraEnabled annotation enables Lightning components to access Apex methods and properties.
The AuraEnabled annotation is overloaded, and is used for two separate and distinct purposes.
Use @AuraEnabled on Apex class static methods to make them accessible as remote controller actions in your Lightning components.
Use @AuraEnabled on Apex instance methods and properties to make them serializable when an instance of the class is returned as data from a server-side action.

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You can include the working 3rd party code inside a Visualforce Page, embed the Visualforce Page inside a Lightning Component.
The use of 3rd party frameworks directly inside Lightning Components is not supported.

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Yes, we can include external JavaScript/CSS libraries in salesforce lightning components.
Lightning Components framework provides a great way to easily decompose applications into components. But building applications also depend on tons of other OSS libraries like JQuery, Twitter Bootstrap, Moment.js and more to implement various features.
While loading 3rd party libraries is trivial, loading them into a trusted enterprise environment like Salesforce needs to meet our strict security needs. They also need to meet various application needs such as loading multiples files in a specific order. So with Spring ‘15 release we created a new component called ltng:require to load libraries while being secure. It has the following features:
Asynchronously load multiple CSS and/or JS libraries
Load libraries in any dependency order the app needs
Let the app know when loading all JS libraries are complete
Most importantly, load only verifiable libraries (for security purposes)
Let’s take at the syntax to better understand it:
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<ltng:require
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styles="/resource/path/to/css1[,/resource/path/to/css2]"
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scripts='/resource//path/to/js1.js,[/resource//path/to/js2.js]'
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afterScriptsLoaded="{!c.controllerFunction}"
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/>
styles – Allows us to specify multiple CSS files separated by comma. They will be loaded from left-to-right.
scripts – Allows us to specify multiple JS files separated by comma. Again they will be loaded from left-to-right
afterScriptsLoaded – Allows us to provide a JS function to notify when all JS files are loaded.
Notes:
Files paths must always start from /resource. i.e they must be a static resource to enforce security.
CDNs are not allowed at this point because they are outside of Salesforce data centers and can’t be controlled. In the future, we may allow admins to whitelist CDNs for their orgs.
If you upload a JS or CSS directly into Static resource, then you should reference them by resource name without .css or .js suffix. For example: /resource/myjsfile or /resource/mycssfile
If your resource is inside a zip file, then you should use .css or .js suffix. For example: /resource/<resourcename>/path/to/myjsfile.js

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Use aura:method to define a method as part of a component’s API. This enables you to directly call a method in a component’s client-side controller instead of firing and handling a component event.

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You can use the Ant Migration Tool to retrieve components, create scripted deployment, and repeat deployment patterns.

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<!--c:aeNotifier-->
<aura:component>
<aura:registerEvent name="appEvent" type="c:aeEvent"/>
<h1>Simple Application Event Sample</h1>
<lightning:button
label="Click here to fire an application event"
onclick="{!c.fireApplicationEvent}" />

</aura:component>

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yes you can delete the apex classes and triggers in the ANT migration tool.

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Attributes are modifiers to the main tag that belong after the tag name in the start tag. The syntax is attributeName=“attributeValue”

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No, it is not always necessary. You can use standard controllers and VF component tags to accomplish quite a bit. Apex becomes necessary when you need either a custom set of data or custom actions to be available from the page.

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Basically, via links, buttons, tabs, and inline frames.

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Locker Service is a security architecture for Lightning components. Locker Service enhances security by isolating Lightning components that belong to one namespace from components in a different namespace.

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Lightning Data Service is a centralized data caching framework which is used to load, save, create and delete a record without server-side apex code. It supports the sharing rules and field-level security as well.

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From Setup, enter Outbound Change Sets in the Quick Find box, then select Outbound Change Sets.
In the Change Sets list, click the name of a change set, or create a new one.
Click Add to add components.
Choose the type of component as Lightning Web Component Bundle and select the components you want to add, and then click Add to Change Set.

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The app, dataflows and datasets, and dashboards

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When you build flows, you work from Flow Builder. Every flow is made up of three building blocks: elements, connectors, and resources.Flows can look up, create, update, and delete Salesforce records. They can also create Chatter posts, submit records for approval, and send emails.

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Process Builder:
Process Builder is a point-and-click tool that lets you easily automate if/then business processes and see a graphical representation of your process as you build.
Every process consists of a trigger, at least one criteria node, and at least one action. You can configure immediate actions or schedule actions to be executed at a specific time.
I suggest you, to complete the trailhead of process builder it has a better example to make you clear about it.
Flow:
Flow is a powerful business automation tool that can manipulate data in Salesforce in a variety of ways. Such an application can be created right from the org’s setup with just drag-drop/point-click. The ease of creating flows makes it the number one go-to tool when it comes to complex business requirements